Acute renal failure What are the main clinical manifestations?

Acute renal failure (ARF) the clinical manifestations usually can be summarized as three types: (1) of urine ARF to oliguria (urine output of less than 400 ml / day) or urine (urine output of less than lOOml / day) for the notable features, generally after oliguria (or urine period), polyuria period and Three clinical stage of recovery. Oliguria usually last three days to -1 months, an average of about 10 days, oliguria of key performance for the period: ① Shuinazhuliu: performance for the whole body swelling. High blood pressure, and so on. Pulmonary edema and cerebral edema and often life-threatening heart failure, leading to death is the main indigenous resistance; ② electrolyte imbalance: including hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia and high phosphorus hyperlipidemia; hyperkalemia Often the first cause of death oliguria; ③ metabolic acidosis: acid metabolite accumulation in the body caused by infection and organization to undermine the will increase the acid poisoning. Acid poisoning can be expressed as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, sleepiness, and deep breathing, there can be a serious shock, blood pressure drop; ④ uremic symptoms: for a variety of toxins in the body caused by accumulation of body systems poisoning symptoms . Nitrification system, including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, diarrhea, etc.; respiratory including difficulty breathing, coughing, chest pain, pneumonia, such as uremia; circulatory system, including arrhythmia, heart failure, and so on the nervous system including the disturbance of consciousness, Restless, Zhan language, such as twitching. Into the urine of more than a day after the urine up to 3000至5000 mL, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine gradually decline, uremia symptoms gradually dissipated. Due to large number of urine and water electrolysis Qualitative from, there can be dehydration, low potassium, such as hyponatremia, if not promptly added that patients can die from dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Into the recovery phase after the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels returned to normal, tubular epithelial cell regeneration and repair, renal function fully restored in about six months to one year's time, a small number of patients could be left over from various degrees of renal dysfunction. (2) non-oliguric part of ARF cases of non-oliguric or non-performance of urine, only a short period of time for the performance of creatinine clearance rate decreased rapidly, drop by up to 50 percent below normal, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen rapidly Elevated serum creatinine increase in the daily rate of more than 44-88 mmol / L, known as non-oliguric this type of ARF, clinical manifestations relatively light, often easily misdiagnosed. (3) decomposition of ARF cases have occurred in the part of organizations increased catabolism extreme circumstances, the daily rate of increase in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were> 14.3 mmol / L and> lUmol / L known as the decomposition of high-ARF, usually Found in the area of injury; burns, major surgery after a serious infection and may, for the performance of serious metabolic acidosis and electrolyte imbalance, poisoning symptoms significantly, especially in the nervous system prominent, and can be expressed as drowsiness, coma, convulsions, epilepsy - Like attack, hyperreflexia, or diminish, and so on.